N.S. Kotova
THE DIVISION INTO PERIODS AND CHRONOLOGY OF AZOV-DNIEPER CULTURE
The existence of Azov-Dnieper culture covers about 1200 years. Its Neolithic
period is dated from 5100 to 4350 BC and synchronized with Surskaja and
Kiev-Cherkassy cultures, and also with late sites of Bug-Dniester culture. The
Eneolithic period, which is synchronous to Tripol’e A and to the early faze of
Sredny Stog cultures, falls on 4350-3900 BC.
S.V. Polin
AS TO THE ROBBERY OF BURIAL MOUNDS IN THE CERTOMLYK REGION
The article analyses and systematizes the information about
construction of robber sap in the Chertomlyk burial mound. Chertomlyk was robed
twice. In Scythian time robbers had robed the northern entrance grave in the
northern-western mound of burial, dug the sap from there to the middle of burial
and entered the chamber #5 of the Central tomb. Sizable collapses of vault of
the chamber had prevented thorough robbery, and the final collapse of vault of
the chamber had broken off the robbery, given no possibility to penetrate into
other chambers of the Central tomb and led to the death of one of accomplices of
rubbery. Later on the robbery took place at the end of 18th - at the beginning
of 19th century and hadn’t results as a whole. Later robbers knowing nothing
about construction of burial didn’t detect the chamber of the Northen grave,
and the collapse of soil over the chamber 5, reaching the thickness of mound,
prevented penetrating into the chamber 5 and other caves of Central tomb. In
such a contingency treasury of Chertomlyk had saved as a whole till the
excavation of I.E. Zabelin in 1863. It is rejected Ju. V. Boltrik’s hypothesis
about reconsideration of purpose of the robber sap of the Chertomlyk and the
Northen grave as groundless one and his interpretation of stratigraphy of the
Chertomlyk burial mound on the whole.
The article also deals with some information according to the
history of robbery of the burial mounds in the 19th -at the beginning of 20th
century on the northern coast area of the Black Sea as a whole, and on the
region of Chertomlyk burial mound in particular indicative of dimensions of that
process. Ethnographer P. Ryabkov’s letter of 1910, which is published for the
first time, contains valuable characteristics of robs of this period, methods
and dimensions of their work.
V.M. Zubar
SARMATIAN, POPULATION OF TAURICA AND CHERSONESOS IN THE 1st CENTURY AD
Based on the sources which is available in present, it is
safe to say that during the first half and the third quarter of the 1st century
AD Taurica was included in the sphere of the military and political activity of
Sarmatian unions. The late Scythian, who after the Diophantos’ campaign had no
the common political integrity, formed part of the early state Sarmatian union,
which could have been named «the nomadic empire» or «the nomadic
confederation». Namely this political union became the principal military and
political power in Taurica and the real threat to the existence of the main
center of the ancient civilization - to Chersonesos. Owing to the strong
measures of the legate of Moesia province T.Plautius Silvanus, in the 60s years of the
1st centurie AD the situation of the city stabilized, and by the beginning of
the 2nd century AD the relatively peaceful relations were established between
Chersonesos and barbarians living in Taurica, and were conducive to the
beginning of activization of versatile economic connexions.
In the wide historical plan, the events, which took place in
the 1st century AD in Taurica, are evidence of the comprehension by Rome the
movement of the processes in the Northern Black Sea coast, and the threat from
the Sarmatian side, who migrated from time to time through the steppe zone of
the region to the borders of the empire. Consequently, during the reign of the
emperor Nero the first large-scale and successful enough attempt to give the
active military help to Greek population of Chersonesos and to turn it into the
true ally of the empire was made. Namely since that time and up to the end of
the ancient epoch Sarmatian migrations from the steppe zone of the region of
Northern Black Sea coast became the major for the historical development not
only for the barbarian population of Taurica and Chersonesos, but also for the
Danube provinces of the Roman empire.
A.V. Ivchenko
THE APPEARANCE OF HUNS ON THE NORTHERN COAST AREA OF THE BLACK SEA
The questions, which are connected with peculiarity,
chronology and ways of appearance of Huns on the territory of the northern
fringes of the Black Sea, couldn’t have been still solved finally. According
to the scheme being in wide usage the Huns, developed into union on Volga region,
were to this territory across the northern ciscaucasian region. This opinion is
corroborated by an analysis of archaeological sources. Hunnish burials on the
northern fringes of the Black Sea are divided into two clusters by the way of
burying and type of burial construction. Possibly, it was bound up with ethnical
heterogeneity of the population, which left the sites. It is possible, that
Crimea sites were left by Huns-Althiagirs, who formed part of Hunnish union and
aforementioned in the writing records.
It may be added, that the results of mapping of
archaeological sites well illustrate Huns advancement from the Volga across the
northern ciscaucasian region to the territories of the northern coast of the
Black Sea and to the Crimea.
L.I. Krasilnikova
THE FIREPLACES AND THE STOVES IN THE CONSTRUCTIONS FROM THE KHAZARS TIME IN THE STEP OF THE DONETS RIVER REGION
Extensive archaeological staff is the basis of the article,
which deals with make and function of fireplace construction in the dwellings
and household constructions of Saltov-Mayaki culture in the step of the Donets
river region. Open fireplaces, mud and remnant stoves, stone stoves, tandyrs
founded in a number of constructions are evidence not only getting Slav and Asia
traditions in the life of the population of Saltov culture, but also changing
the whole style of life of step population, which became more settled.
A.T. Smilenko
THE SETTLEMENT OF ETULIAN TYPE IN THE DANUBE REGION
The settlement of Nagornoye supplements the not enough
studied group of Etulian type sites in the Danube region. This small village,
investigated by the Dniester -Danube expedition of the Institute of Archaeology
of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences in 1983-1986, includes a dwelling,
three big household buildings, and seven household pits using as a depository.
The dwelling is a half pit-house with a clay stove, shelves and benches at the
walls. Two household buildings had a shape as a figure of eight in the
construction of two joint pits. They had a cover and below stairs to the pits.
Among the finds, the coarse handmade pottery predominates in the settlement. The
fragments of amphorae of the Roman time were found almost in the same quantity.
There also have been excavated some fragments of wheeling red clay and gray clay
pottery, probably imported, and small things of everyday life. Among the
handmade vassals, there are some fragments of the Late Scythian type and ones
having the analogies in the forest - steppe zone.
The settlement is dated from the 4th-century AD by the
amphorae and the archaeomagnetic dating. The culture is not of local origin. It
is intended, that the group of forest-steppe population came to the Danube
region. Approximately, it was a group of tribes of the late Zarubinetskaya
culture (venedi), the descendants of which were the inhabitants of the
settlement.
A.D. Mogilov
THE COMPONENTS OF HARNESS OF SCYTHIAN TIME ON SITES OF THE WESTERN PODILL’A CLUSTER
The article publishes the objects of harness of Scythian time from the
territory of the Western Podill’a cluster. The author does its typological and
chronological analysis and makes an attempt of reconstruction of bridle. The
article deals with material for the whole Scythian problems. The major objects
of harness on the mentioned territory are bits, cheek-pieces, different bridle
buckles and badges. Great number of materials dates back to the archaic time.
The objects of bridle fix the prevalence of culture of Scythian type in the
Middle Dniester area from 7th - century BC.
V.V. Majko
KYRK-ERSKIY BURIED TREASURE OF 15TH-CENTURY AD (PRELIMINARILY INFORMATION)
The article deals with buried treasure, which was discovered westwards of the
south gate of Chufut-Cale hillford in 2002, containing 4259 silver, 1 copper and
30 golden coins. All the golden coins, except one, are Venice ducats, minted
under 8 doges of 14th-15th-century. One coin was minted supposedly by Bars-Bey
(1420-1438).
Approximately half of all silver coins (2102 specimens) are aspres of the
so-called Genoa-Tatars coinage, among which specimens with two-tines tamga
dominate. The second part of treasure trove is coins without Genoa features. The
first category contains dirhems of Uzbek 720 y. h., seldom of 713 y. h.,
including the coins with countermarks (1829 specimens), the second category
contains dirhems of Hadzhi-Girey (42 specimens), the third one is dirhems with
two-tines tamga of Ulu-Muhammed (214 specimens), the fourth category contains
dirhems, which are minted by the khans of Golden Horde (68 specimens), such as
Tokta (1), Uzbek (1), Tohtamysh (1), Timur-Kutluk (1), Shadibek (4), Pulad-khan
(2), Dzhelal-ed-Dyne (1), Kerim-Birdi (1), Kibak-khan (1), Chegre-khan (5),
Dervish (2), Ulu-Muhammed (6). 31 coins are defined with difficulty. The buried
treasure has one Moldavian grosh of Alexander the Kind and one Byzantine coin of
John V Palaeologus. Only copper coin dates from the first half of 15th-century.
The time of thesauretion of this treasure trove is the beginning of 70th years
of 15th-century. Over whelming majority of the coins dates from 20th-30th years
of the 15th century.
Ju.V. Boltrik, G.A. Voznesenskaya, E.E. Fialko
THE IRON DAGGER FROM THE SITE OF ANCIENT SETTLEMENT OF TRAKHTEMYRIV
The very well preserved iron dagger was found during the investigation of
part of defensive works of Trakhtemyriv hillford in 2000. The dagger has
bar-shaped top and heart-shaped crossing of irregularly shaped handle, two-edges
blade with longitudinal verge. The results of metallographical analysis and
peculiarity of blacksmith's manufacture of dagger single out it from the iron
things of the hillford stuff. Short swords and daggers with bar-shaped top and
heart-shaped crossing, which is analogous to the Trakhtemirov one, are
well-known both within the bounds of the European Scythia and outside them,
especially among the arms coming from the Northen Caucasus. On the grounds of
wide range of adduced analogous, attendant finds and results of radiocarbon
dating of organic remainders from the place of finding the dagger is dated not
later then the first quarter of 4th -century BC. The circumstances of finding
and the date of the dagger fix the vestiges the Scythian attack in the hillford
and make more precise the time of this event.
S.V. Pan’kov, V.I. Manychev, D.P. Nedopalko
THE NEW TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCHES OF THE REMAINDERS OF ANCIENT FERROUS METALLURGY AND METELWORK IN THE ENVIRONS OF SINITSA VILLAGE
The article deals with results of new investigations of chemical composition
of artifacts from the settlement near the village of Sinitsa, and also from
metallurgical site in the environs of Uman’ town. Also the results of
radiocarbon dating and paleobotanical researches have been listed. On the basis
of obtained data the settlement near the village of Sinitsa dates back to the
time of the late Zarubyntsi culture and has a production trend, not an
agricultural.
S.A. Gorbanenko
AS TO THE HISTORY OF CATTLE-BREEDING OF SLAVE TRIBES ON THE TERRITORY OF THE LEFT BANK OF DNIEPER IN THE LAST QUARTER OF 1ST MILLENNIUM AD
On present day a number of archeozoological materials is stored in the
scientific literature and unpublished papers, which is enough for the attempt of
reconstruction of animal herd stuff, which the Slav population on the territory
of the Left Bank of Dnieper had in the last quarter of 1st millennium AD. This
database permits to contend that Slav population had a highly developed
cattle-breeding.
The neat cattles were the mane part of animals. Besides, the researching
showed, that animals, which were used as a draught power traditionally, were
killed for meat in the most cases when they were adult or in the faze of
pubescence, where as pigs, which were bred only for meat, were killed as
sucking-pigs. This data permits to suppose the presence of feeding-stuffs and,
as a consequence, well developed agriculture.
S.V. Ivanova, K.A. Petrova, I.Ja. Budykin
THE MOST ANSIENT STONE ANCHOR FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF GRABIVKA IV
The article analyzes anthropological and paleopathological investigations of
the new stuff from the dwelling of the “Vladimir’s town” which was
destroyed during the storm of Kiev by Batu. Craniological, osteological data as
to Kiev population in the middle of the 13th-Century AD and also data of
paleopathologic analyces of skulls and bones of the postcranial skeletons of
three males and two females lost in the December of 1240 are put to scientific
circulation. The signs of mortal traumas have been detected in the skulls of two
males. Judging by getting data the males were tall and female were low. They had
good adaptation for habitat condition and for hard manual labour that is
peculiarity of the skeletons developments gives evidence to it and also points
out at the specific of the professional jobs of this people. At the same time a
great number of healing traumas gives evidence both about high everyday
traumatism and about frequent armed conflict. Getting to the childhood time of
the majority of individuals unfavourable, hungry years and epidemics at the
beginning of the 13th-Century AD left traces in the bones of these humans and
had an influence on resicitention of their organisms to the different illness.
Our researching showed that population of Kiev had been in pain with infections
sickness including some forms of tuberculosis. That is the illness which isn’t
mentioned in the Ancient Rus annals.
B.V. Magomedov
THE FIBULA WITH EMARGINATE ENAMEL FROM THE VELYKA SNYTINKA
Open-worked three-cornered fibula with cross-shaped end (subtype III. 2 by
G.F. Korzukhina, the middle of the 3rd -the beginning of 4th century AD) is
found on the site of Chernyahkov culture. Judging by the narrow localization of
the such finds, they were an ethnographical adornment, which the noble women of
separate tribe (venedi the Slav) had. The tribe was a part of the Middle Dnieper
cluster of Kyiv culture. About the boundary of the 3rd and 4th centuries the
settlements of this population vanished under the pressure of Chernyakov culture
(that is Gothic) expansion. In the same time the separate wares with enamel
appeared on the sites of Chernyakhov culture, sometimes together with their
holders. A part of population of Kyiv culture found a haven among the kindred
tribes of Desna river basin. This fact explains the fibulas under review being
in the Borznyanskiy treasure trove.
O.V. Brezhko
BIOMOLECULAR METHODS OF STUDY OF PHILOGENESIS IN FORMATION OF THE NEW SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF AN ORIGIN HOMO SAPIENS
The article is devoted to the last achievements of genetics which have made
revolution in a study of human origin. As a result of biomolecular phylogeny
researches the conclusion was made that Neanderthals belonged to a separate
species, whose evolutionary branch had deviated from a common stem Homo sapiens
in Africa or South Europe more than 500 thousand years ago. But there are
unsolved questions which demand further researches.
